Difference Between
versus

Genre vs. Type: Know the Difference

Shumaila Saeed
By Shumaila Saeed || Updated on December 25, 2023
Genre refers to categories or styles, especially in art or literature, based on form or content. Type denotes a category or group based on shared characteristics or qualities.
Genre vs. Type

Key Differences

Genre specifically categorizes artistic or literary works based on style, form, or subject matter, like horror, romance, or science fiction. In contrast, Type broadly classifies things or concepts in various fields based on common characteristics, like blood types or personality types.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
In literature and film, Genre helps in identifying and categorizing works based on thematic or stylistic elements, such as mystery or comedy. Type, however, is used in a wider range of contexts, categorizing items or concepts in fields like biology, technology, or sociology, based on shared traits or functions.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
The concept of Genre is crucial in the arts for understanding, teaching, and discussing various forms and styles. Meanwhile, Type is a more universal term used in diverse disciplines to organize and understand the variety within categories, like types of governments or types of software.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
Genre often involves a set of conventions or expectations, like specific plot structures in a crime novel. On the other hand, Type refers to broader categorizations that may not be tied to specific conventions, like types of vehicles or types of diets.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
In music, Genre categorizes songs or compositions into groups like jazz or classical, based on their style and characteristics. In contrast, Type can refer to categorizing musical instruments, like string types or keyboard types, based on their physical characteristics or the way they produce sound.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
ADVERTISEMENT

Comparison Chart

Scope

Artistic and literary fields
Broad, across various fields
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Criteria

Style, form, subject matter
Shared characteristics or functions
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Examples

Horror, comedy, tragedy
Blood types, personality types
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Use in Arts

Categorizes based on artistic style
Categorizes based on physical traits or uses
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Conventions

Involves specific conventions and expectations
Broader categorizations, less convention-bound
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
ADVERTISEMENT

Genre and Type Definitions

Genre

Style of music
He specializes in the jazz genre.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Type

Category based on characteristics
Type A personalities are often competitive.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Genre

Grouping of creative works
The fantasy genre often includes magical elements.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Type

Variety within a group
Sedans and SUVs are types of cars.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Genre

Literary classification
Romance is a popular genre in novels.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023
ADVERTISEMENT

Type

Kind or sort in general
He loves all types of cuisine.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Genre

A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content
"his six String Quartets ... the most important works in the genre since Beethoven's" (Time).
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A number of people or things having in common traits or characteristics that distinguish them as a group or class:That type of car was popular in the 1970s. See Synonyms at kind.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A realistic style of painting that depicts scenes from everyday life.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A person or thing having the features of a group or class:He is the type of person that is bound to get into trouble.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A type or class
"Emaciated famine victims ... on television focused a new genre of attention on the continent" (Helen Kitchen).
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

An example or a model having the ideal features of a group or class; an embodiment:"He was the perfect type of a military dandy"(Joyce Cary).
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A kind; a stylistic category or sort, especially of literature or other artworks.
The still life has been a popular genre in painting since the 17th century.
This film is a cross-genre piece, dark and funny at the same time.
The computer game Half-Life redefined the first-person shooter genre.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A person regarded as exemplifying a particular profession, rank, or social group:a group of executive types; a restaurant frequented by tourist types.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

Kind; genus; class; form; style, esp. in literature.
French drama was lisping or still inarticulate; the great French genre of the fabliau was hardly born.
A particular demand . . . that we shall pay special attention to the matter of genres - that is, to the different forms or categories of literature.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A figure, representation, or symbol of something to come, such as an event in the Old Testament that is believed to foreshadow another in the New Testament.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(Biology)The type specimen, type species, or type genus, which serves as the basis for the name of a species, genus, or family.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A kind of literary or artistic work
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A small block of metal or wood bearing a raised letter or character on the upper end that leaves a printed impression when inked and pressed on paper.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A style of expressing yourself in writing
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Such pieces considered as a group.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

An expressive style of music
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Printed or typewritten characters; print:Let's see how your letter looks in type.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

A class of art (or artistic endeavor) having a characteristic form or technique
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A size or style of printed or typewritten characters; a typeface:a sans-serif type.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

Category of artistic work
Her favorite film genre is documentary.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Type

A pattern, a design, or an image impressed or stamped onto the face of a coin.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Genre

Type of art based on form
Abstract is a recognized genre in painting.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Type

To write (something) using a typewriter.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To input (something) manually on an electronic device, especially by using a keyboard.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To assign to a category; classify or characterize:a political candidate who was typed as indecisive.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To determine the antigenic characteristics of (a blood or tissue sample).
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To typecast:an actor afraid of being typed as a gangster.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To write with a typewriter or computer keyboard.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A grouping based on shared characteristics; a class.
This type of plane can handle rough weather more easily than that type of plane.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

An individual considered typical of its class, one regarded as typifying a certain profession, environment, etc.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

An individual that represents the ideal for its class; an embodiment.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A letter or character used for printing, historically a cast or engraved block.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(uncountable) Such types collectively, or a set of type of one font or size.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Text printed with such type, or imitating its characteristics.
The headline was set in bold type.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(taxonomy) Something, often a specimen, selected as an objective anchor to connect a scientific name to a taxon; this need not be representative or typical.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Preferred sort of person; sort of person that one is attracted to.
We can't get along: he's just not my type.
He was exactly her type.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(medicine) A blood group.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(corpus linguistics) A word that occurs in a text or corpus irrespective of how many times it occurs, as opposed to a token.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(theology) An event or person that prefigures or foreshadows a later event - commonly an Old Testament event linked to Christian times.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(computing theory) A tag attached to variables and values used in determining which kinds of value can be used in which situations; a data type.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(fine arts) The original object, or class of objects, scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject of a copy; especially, the design on the face of a medal or a coin.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(chemistry) A simple compound, used as a mode or pattern to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as being related, and from which they may be actually or theoretically derived.
The fundamental types used to express the simplest and most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric acid, water, ammonia, and methane.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(mathematics) A part of the partition of the object domain of a logical theory (which due to the existence of such partition, would be called a typed theory). (Note: this corresponds to the notion of "data type" in computing theory.)
Categorial grammar is like a combination of context-free grammar and types.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A symbol, emblem, or example of something.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To put text on paper using a typewriter.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To enter text or commands into a computer using a keyboard.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To determine the blood type of.
The doctor ordered the lab to type the patient for a blood transfusion.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To categorize into types.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

The mark or impression of something; stamp; impressed sign; emblem.
The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings,Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Form or character impressed; style; semblance.
Thy father bears the type of king of Naples.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A figure or representation of something to come; a token; a sign; a symbol; - correlative to antitype.
A type is no longer a type when the thing typified comes to be actually exhibited.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic qualities; the representative.
Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the whole animal kingdom has been universally held to be divisible into a small number of main divisions or types.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

The original object, or class of objects, scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or a coin.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A simple compound, used as a model or pattern to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as being related, and from which they may be actually or theoretically derived.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify.
Let us type them now in our own lives.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A subdivision of a particular kind of thing;
What type of sculpture do you prefer?
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities);
A real character
A strange character
A friendly eccentric
The capable type
A mental case
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Printed characters;
Small type is hard to read
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

A small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper;
He dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

All of the tokens of the same symbol;
The word `element' contains five different types of character
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Write by means of a keyboard with types;
Type the acceptance letter, please
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Identify as belonging to a certain type;
Such people can practically be typed
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Oct 19, 2023

Type

Classification in biology
Blood type O is the most common.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Type

Model or design variant
She prefers the latest type of smartphone.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Repeatedly Asked Queries

Is genre limited to arts and literature?

Primarily, though it can apply to any creative work with stylistic traits.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Can a type refer to a genre?

Yes, but a type is a broader term not limited to artistic contexts.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Are types fixed or variable?

Types can evolve or vary depending on the classification system.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

How many types can a thing have?

A thing can have multiple types based on different classification criteria.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

How do types aid in understanding?

Types help categorize and understand the diversity in a group.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Can genres change over time?

Yes, genres can evolve with changing artistic styles and themes.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Is genre subjective?

Yes, genre classification can be subjective and fluid.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Is genre important in film?

Yes, genre is crucial for categorizing and understanding films.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Can a work belong to multiple genres?

Yes, works can blend or cross over multiple genres.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Can type refer to technology?

Yes, such as types of software or hardware.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

What defines a genre?

A genre is defined by stylistic or thematic elements in art or literature.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Is genre used in marketing?

Yes, genre is important in marketing artistic works.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Do types have strict boundaries?

Types can have flexible boundaries based on the context.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Does genre influence audience expectation?

Yes, genre sets expectations for style and content.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Is type used in everyday language?

Yes, type is a common term in daily use.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Are types universal in classification?

Types are widely used but can vary across disciplines.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Does genre affect artistic creation?

Yes, it can influence the style and form of creative works.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

How specific can a type be?

Types can range from broad to very specific classifications.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Can a genre be unique to a culture?

Yes, genres can be culturally specific.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Does type have a role in scientific classification?

Yes, particularly in fields like biology and anthropology.
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed
Dec 02, 2023

Share this page

Link for your blog / website
HTML
Link to share via messenger
About Author
Shumaila Saeed
Written by
Shumaila Saeed
Shumaila Saeed, an expert content creator with 6 years of experience, specializes in distilling complex topics into easily digestible comparisons, shining a light on the nuances that both inform and educate readers with clarity and accuracy.

Popular Comparisons

Trending Comparisons

Spinosaurus vs. TyrannosaurusSpinosaurus vs. Tyrannosaurus
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
Spinosaurus, a semi-aquatic dinosaur with a sail-like spine, was adapted for life in water, whereas Tyrannosaurus, known for its massive skull and short arms, was a land-based predator.
Verbal Communication vs. Nonverbal CommunicationVerbal Communication vs. Nonverbal Communication
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
Verbal communication uses words to convey messages, while nonverbal communication involves gestures, facial expressions, and body language.
MDI vs. SDIMDI vs. SDI
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
MDI (Multiple Document Interface) allows multiple documents within a single window; SDI (Single Document Interface) limits to one document per window.
Pulley vs. SheavePulley vs. Sheave
Hifza NasirHifza Nasir
April 4, 2024
A pulley is a wheel on an axle designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable, while a sheave is the wheel part of a pulley system that specifically interacts with the cable.
Physical Weathering vs. Chemical WeatheringPhysical Weathering vs. Chemical Weathering
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
Physical Weathering breaks down rocks mechanically without altering their chemical composition, while Chemical Weathering involves chemical changes that decompose or alter rock's mineral composition.
Pycharm Community vs. Pycharm ProPycharm Community vs. Pycharm Pro
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 4, 2024
PyCharm Community is a free, open-source IDE for Python development, while PyCharm Pro is a paid version with additional advanced features like web development support and database tools.
Federal Prison vs. State PrisonFederal Prison vs. State Prison
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
Federal prisons house inmates convicted of federal crimes, while state prisons hold those guilty of state-level offenses.
Login vs. LogonLogin vs. Logon
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
"Login" and "Logon" are often used interchangeably to describe the process of gaining access to a computer system, but "login" can also refer to the credentials used for access.
Cisco Network Essentials vs. Cisco Network AdvantageCisco Network Essentials vs. Cisco Network Advantage
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 22, 2024
Cisco Network Essentials offers basic networking features, while Cisco Network Advantage provides advanced capabilities and greater functionality.
American Culture vs. Indian CultureAmerican Culture vs. Indian Culture
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 16, 2024
American culture is characterized by individualism and modernity, while Indian culture is noted for its strong family values and deep-rooted traditions.
Slavic Facial Features vs. Germanic Facial FeaturesSlavic Facial Features vs. Germanic Facial Features
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
January 31, 2024
Slavic facial features often include high cheekbones and rounder faces, while Germanic facial features typically have sharper angles and stronger jawlines.
GHz vs. MHzGHz vs. MHz
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 12, 2024
GHz (Gigahertz) and MHz (Megahertz) are units of frequency; 1 GHz equals 1,000 MHz.
PPM vs. PPMVPPM vs. PPMV
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 10, 2024
PPM (parts per million) measures the concentration of one substance within a million parts of another. PPMV (parts per million by volume) expresses gas concentration as volume per million volumes of air.
Model vs. SupermodelModel vs. Supermodel
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
August 16, 2024
A model participates in fashion shows, photoshoots, and advertising, representing brands and designers. A supermodel, beyond modeling, achieves worldwide fame, participates in high-profile campaigns, and often influences fashion and culture.
Tatkal vs. Premium TatkalTatkal vs. Premium Tatkal
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 17, 2024
Tatkal is a scheme for last-minute train bookings in India with fixed quotas and prices, while Premium Tatkal offers dynamic pricing and fewer quotas for urgent travel.
CISCO ISE vs. ForeScoutCISCO ISE vs. ForeScout
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 16, 2024
CISCO ISE is a network access control and policy management tool, while ForeScout offers device visibility and control across heterogeneous networks.
Gorilla Glass 3 vs. Gorilla Glass 5Gorilla Glass 3 vs. Gorilla Glass 5
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
January 1, 2024
Gorilla Glass 3 offers improved scratch resistance and durability compared to its predecessors, while Gorilla Glass 5 focuses on enhanced drop protection and toughness.
Single User Operating System vs. Multi User Operating SystemSingle User Operating System vs. Multi User Operating System
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
January 24, 2024
A Single User Operating System supports one user at a time, whereas a Multi User Operating System allows multiple users to operate simultaneously.
Hard Copy vs. Soft CopyHard Copy vs. Soft Copy
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
A Hard Copy is a physical version of a document or file, usually on paper, while a Soft Copy is a digital version of the document, stored electronically.
2 Pole Motors vs. 4 Pole Motors2 Pole Motors vs. 4 Pole Motors
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
2 Pole Motors have one pair of magnetic poles and run at higher speeds, while 4 Pole Motors have two pairs of poles and operate at lower speeds, offering higher torque.
Positivism vs. Post-PositivismPositivism vs. Post-Positivism
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
May 26, 2024
Positivism emphasizes observable, empirical evidence and the scientific method, while post-positivism recognizes the limitations of pure objectivity and incorporates subjective perspectives.
Conventional Encryption vs. Public Key EncryptionConventional Encryption vs. Public Key Encryption
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
February 26, 2024
Conventional encryption, also known as symmetric encryption, uses a single key for both encryption and decryption, while public key encryption, or asymmetric encryption, uses a pair of keys – a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
Active Listening vs. Passive ListeningActive Listening vs. Passive Listening
Shumaila SaeedShumaila Saeed
December 25, 2023
Active listening involves engaging and responding to achieve a deeper understanding, while passive listening is characterized by hearing without active engagement or response.
Misting vs. FoggingMisting vs. Fogging
Hifza NasirHifza Nasir
July 17, 2024
Misting involves spraying fine water droplets to cool or humidify, while fogging creates a denser cloud of micro-droplets for disinfection or pest control.

Featured Comparisons

New Comparisons